Polio Essay Essay Example for Free

Polio Essay Essay In this world, there are over 12,000 diseases caused by either bacteria or viruses, and most of them are yet to be discovered. One of the dreadful diseases revealed is polio (which is shortened for poliomyelitis) (Ballard). The polio virus enters the body through the mouth, multiplies in the throat and intestine, and spreads through the blood to the central nervous system. Thus, the virus attacks the CNS, which can lead to paralysis. The paralysis would start with the legs, and would be visible due to the atrophy, and the muscles wasting away due to the lack of use (Hecht). Many have spent their whole life in iron lungs due to paralysis in the chest muscles (Ballard). There are three types of polio: mild, non paralytic and paralytic (Hecht). Only 1% of all polio patients develop paralytic polio (Hecht). In 1947, as Jonas Salk searched for a vaccination, he came upon the conclusion that a chemical called formaldehyde can eliminate the virus (Ballard). Another scientist named Albert Sabin desired to weaken the virus, instead of killing it (Ballard). Thus, this lead to the invention of oral vaccines that people can swallow (Ballard). A severe disease called post-polio syndrome, which is an illness of the nervous system develops, and can appear 15-50 years after a patient has been affected by polio (Hecht). People and children can contract polio due to a variety of factors, which are present in several third world countries. It still remains to be an underlying health problem in many developing countries (Ballard). The following is a case study about the several societal and political factors that are affecting Pakistans polio eradication program. Pakistan is one of the four countries (along with Nigeria, India, and Afghanistan) in which polio has remained endemic since the World Health Assembly in 1988 (Katz). In the early 1990s, almost 20 000 cases of polio were reported, although, the numbers have been fluctuating up and down ever since (Katz). Firstly, immense floods in the summer of 2010 have ravaged the Swat Valley in Pakistan resulting in the displacement of millions of people, the absence of running water and electricity, and the closure of at least 500 health clinics and facilities (Katz). Secondly, the weaknesses in the delivery of services and issues of poor health systems governance are a major factor in  the failure to achieve eradication (Nishtar). Lastly, the absence of polio vaccines from non-health sectors such as war and conflict zones and the refusal of parents to vaccinate their children have increased the number of polio cases in the country (Nishtar). The challenges and threats Pakistan faces in the eradication of Polio jeopardizes the world wide efforts, and as long as a single child remains infected, children in all countries are at risk of contracting polio (Nishtar). In general, the polio virus is highly contagious and each and every country that is still under the threats of polio must be careful and responsible enough to see the warning signs before it is too late. Polio usually develops as the result of contact with either polluted water or the mosquitoes that breed in such water. (Bano et al.) Also, the improper sanitization and lack of clean water and electricity promotes the growth of deadly viruses and bacteria (Bano et al.). The only remaining solution for Pakistan is to develop a plan for National immunizat ion days, where the entire government must educate every one of its citizens to vaccinate their children and reduce the risk of contracting polio (Nishtar). After so many dreadful years, India and Nigeria have shown promise of possibly attaining eradication in the next several years (Kelland). Other countries have diligently strived to eradicate polio by spending over $6 million dollars on vaccination campaigns (Draper). Comparable to the Pakistan case study stated above, there are many issues that contribute to polios existence in developing countries. There is an increased rate of international travel which contributes to the spread of polio (Hecht). If the world wants to eradicate polio permanently, we must try to contain the virus, involving all the countries laboratories, identifying and destroying the source of polio viruses and establishing a post eradication immunization policy with W.H.O (World Health Organization) (Hecht). Each developing country also has to determine the diverse economic, cultural, social and geographical factors responsible for the persistence of polio (Bano et al.). Other reasons of polio still being wide spread are due to the low levels of literacy (causing the community to be unaware of vaccines), people following an unhygienic life, laborers who do not properly wash their hands before eating and improper drainage systems (Bano et al.). Additionally, a large  number of children are malnourished and extremely poor and health workers impose costs for vaccination services that are meant to be provided for free (Nishtar). Despite almost a billion dollars being donated for campaigns encouraging polio eradication, due to a shortfall of funds and lack of transparency in governance (Nishtar), there is much delay in interrupting the poliovirus transmission in third world countries (Kelland). According to Donaldson, who is the Chairman of the National Patient Safety Agency in UK, These are the children that the world forgot, growing up with no protection from polio at a time when most of the worlds parents have long forgotten what polio even is. He also mentioned that, If the funding gap isnt bridged, future generations will surely look back and wonder how this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to destroy polio†¦was allowed to slip through our fingers. (Kelland) In conclusion, polio used to be an endemic before the 20th century and is still a major dilemma in third world countries today. We should be obliged to take action for this crisis and eradicate polio once and for all. Factors promoting the spread of polio, including poor sanitation, inadequate amount of clean supplies and low levels of literacy, require attention and should be solved with the assistance of money, dedicated health care workers and the government. Education, experimentation and discoveries which grow out of them are the best tools to protect the health of others (Hecht). All in all, the lesson to be learned is that the fight against infectious diseases will never come to an end and we must continue to strive on to at least reduce the risk of those in our society obtaining these diseases or illnesses. Works Cited Ballard, Carol. _From Cowpox to Antibiotics_. Chicago: Reed Elsevier Inc. 2006. Print. Bano, Gulnaz, et al. Impediments in the implementation of polio eradication program. _Journal of_ _Natural Science, Biology and Medicine._ Gale Science In Context. 2011. Web. 25 Feb 2013. Draper, Stark Allison. _Epidemics Deadly Diseases Throughout History_: _Polio._ New York: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. 2001. Print. Hecht, Alan. _Deadly Diseases and Epidemics: Polio_. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 2003. Print. Katz, Samuel L. Chasing polio in Pakistan: Why the worlds largest public health initiative may fail. _Journal of Clinical Investigation_. Science In Context. 2011. Web. 26 Feb 2013. Kelland, Kate. Polio eradication drive imperiled by funding shortfall. _Reuters Health Medical_ _News._ Gale Science In Context. 2012. Web. 24 Feb 2013. Nishtar, Sania. Pakistan, politics and polio. _Bulletin of the World Health Organization._ Science In Context. Feb. 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

Software Patents Must be Eliminated :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Software Patents Must be Eliminated Software patents threaten to devastate America's computer industry. Patents granted in the past decade are now being used to attack companies such as the Lotus Development Corporation for selling programs that they have independently developed. Soon new companies will often be barred from the software arena--most major programs will require licenses for dozens of patents, and this will make them infeasible. This problem has only one solution: software patents must be eliminated. The Patent System and Computer Programs The framers of the United States Constitution established the patent system so that inventors would have an incentive to share their inventions with the general public. In exchange for divulging an invention, the patent grants the inventor a 17 year monopoly on its use. The patent holder can license others to use the invention, but may also refuse to do so. Independent reinvention of the same technique by others does not give them the right to use it. Patents do not cover specific systems: instead, they cover particular techniques that can be used to build systems, or particular features that systems can offer. Once a technique or feature is patented, it may not be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder--even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer program typically uses many techniques and provides many features, it can infringe many patents at once. Until recently, patents were not used in the software field. Software developers copyrighted individual programs or made them trade secrets. Copyright was traditionally understood to cover the implementation details of a particular program; it did not cover the features of the program, or the general methods used. And trade secrecy, by definition, could not prohibit any development work by someone who did not know the secret. On this basis, software development was extremely profitable, and received considerable investment, without any prohibition on independent software development. But this scheme of things is no more. A change in U.S. government policy in the early 1980's stimulated a flood of applications. Now many have been approved, and the rate is accelerating. Many programmers are unaware of the change and do not appreciate the magnitude of its effects. Today the lawsuits are just beginning. Absurd Patents The Patent Office and the courts have had a difficult time with computer software. The Patent Office refused until recently to hire Computer Science graduates as examiners, and in any case does not offer competitive salaries for the field.

Ben Lawson’s Custom Fabricators Research Essay

Question 1: How does Ben Lawson’s Custom Fabricators, Inc., create value for Orleans? Custom Fabricators, Inc. is able to create value to Orleans because Custom Fabricator’s manufacturing plant is right next to Orleans’ plant. Ben is able to minimize lead-time for Orleans. They are able to deliver parts to Orleans really fast. Quality is also something Custom Fabricators could ensure because they are able to fix something and deliver it to Orleans quicker because they are so close to each other. Custom Fabricators would also be more effective for Orleans because they’ve cooperated for so long, so Custom Fabricators know the needs and requirements of Orleans really well. They can offer Orleans better field support and problem solving. Question 2 In the past, what has been Ben Lawson’s competitive advantage in keeping the Orleans business? CFI can maintain its competitive advantage due to its propel location, it is near Orleans facility, and it also invest new machines to improve the processes of manufacture for Orleans; meanwhile, its employee loyalty is good because it pay its employees good. In this case, it make CFI have a competitive advantage. Question 3 Have Orleans’s priorities changed? From the case, it is clear to see the Orleans has changed priorities. There are trying to change base to the high quality products. Also they change products to cheaper price as a base strategy. They reduce the cost with elevators and the raw materials, also something else. Ben was concerned about some big issues, such as reducing labor costs and competing with the Mexican labor market. He also was concerned the security of his position relationship with the company.(Can Chen 9362) 4. Should Ben change his business model? Yes, Ben should change his business model because Orleans, its customers, is changing. Orleans outsourced the whole elevator. Orleans reduced its plant size from 400,000 square feet to 150,000 square feet. Recently, Orleans is reducing its material cost associated with its elevators by contracting many suppliers from Mexico. Meanwhile, Ben cannot compete with suppliers from Mexico in price. Therefore, Ben should work with some suppliers from Mexico to negotiate the material costor outsource totally. When dealing with suppliers from Mexico, Ben may face some difficulties, such as transportation and communication. Question 5: How should Ben position his company in the value chain? There are a few options for Ben to position his company in the value chain because of it’s close proximity to the Orleans plant. Inbound logistics would be one because delivery speed would be fast since they are so close. Orleans does not have to store too much inventory because of this. They can get materials from Ben in short time. Ben’s company could also easily provide service support to Orleans if any problems arise from parts manufactured by Custom Fabricators. Question 6 What should Ben do to ensure his company’s future success? I think CFI should improve their operation management to make their processes more efficient and effective, meanwhile they need to match their current marketing strategies to global market. the top management of CFI should also consider whether carry out more capital investment because these new technology could reduce cost, improve quality, therefore increase competitive advantage in the market. finally, CFI could partner with some other companies to improve overall competitiveness.

Quiz Essay example - 902 Words

1. Turnadot Sons is a small wholesaler of decorative cast iron objects. The following events, related to a special customer order, occur as described below;? August 5, 2005: Turnadot receives the special order for 200 outdoor planters at a selling price of $50 each, including delivery at a future convenient time and location. The customer, with whom Turnadot has had a long-term, trouble-free relationship, pays $3,000 as a deposit and agrees to pay the rest on delivery. Turnadot immediately orders $4,000 worth of planters from its supplier and pays a $1,000 deposit for them.;? August 27, 2005: Turnadot pays $3,000 balance due to the supplier upon delivery of the planters to its warehouse.;? September 5, 2005: The customer calls for†¦show more content†¦Debit the current asset advances to suppliers $1,000, credit cash $1,000;? Debit inventory $1,000, credit cash $1,000;? Debit cost of goods sold $4,000, credit cash $1,000, credit accounts payable $3,000;? Debit cost of goods sold $1,000, credit revenues $1,000;3. Turnadot Sons is a small wholesaler of decorative cast iron objects. The following events, related to a special customer order, occur as described below;? August 5, 2005: Turnadot receives the special order for 200 outdoor planters at a selling price of $50 each, including delivery at a future convenient time and location. The customer, with whom Turnadot has had a long-term, trouble-free relationship, pays $3,000 as a deposit and agrees to pay the rest on delivery. Turnadot immediately orders $4,000 worth of planters from its supplier and pays a $1,000 deposit for them.;? August 27, 2005: Turnadot pays $3,000 balance due to the supplier upon delivery of the planters to its warehouse.;? 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