Everyman (Medieval Literature) Review essays

Everyman (Medieval Literature) Review expositions The medieval play, Everyman, has characterized what writing has come to know as The Everyman: the normal, normal individual or character that is intended to speak to each individual. The character is intended to permit the peruser to relate to them. The character speaks to society when all is said in done. Along these lines, the genuine message behind the medieval play Everyman is a social scrutinize of what's up about The Everyman. Everyman can be followed back to the fifteenth century where it began in a Dutch or Flemish play called Elckerlijc wrote by Peter van Diest. The rendition should ordinarily peruse today is the sixteenth century English form. At its center Everyman is an ethical quality play. Everyman is the primary character who fills in as a symbolic figure of the each man. In the play he is called by the figurative figure of death to visit God and record for the existence he has been loaned by God. On his way, Everyman is informed that he should come, that his companions Fellowship, Kindred, Cousin, Goods and Knowledge won't go with him. Just Virtue is eager to go with Everyman and legitimize him before God. In the play, a delivery person educates the crowd that they should listen well, implying that the play is actually a message to them (the Everyman). The play starts with a discussion among God and Death, where God discusses the universes individuals and the progressing issue that they can sin openly with no idea of result. God request Death to go to earth and visit with Everyman and cause him to comprehend that his erring is against Gods wishes. At the point when they initially meet, Everyman endeavors to lady Death to get additional time, yet his solicitation is speedily denied. In any case, Death permits Everyman to discover a companion to go with him on his excursion. The reason for the companion is to fill in as an observer before God and address Everymans claimed great temperances. E ... <!

Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay Essays

Characteristic Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay Essays Characteristic Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay Paper Characteristic Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay Paper South Africa is the 25th-biggest state known to man and the vast majority of the state is delegated semi bone-dry, it has significant contrast in clime each piece great as topology. South Africa is arranged inside the mild zone. Which has a mean precipitation of 511 millimeters for every annum, except has expansive meddle and interregional contrasts with precipitation cut bringing down towards the West. This decent variety of nearby climes restricts the negative impacts of horrible drouths and offers some insurance against general reap disappointments. Area of South Africa is on the extremely southern tip of Africa ; it is a republic which is encircled via land at the top and the two seas, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean. The Republic of South Africa is somewhere in the range of 22 and 35 evaluations south scope and 17 to 33 evaluations east scope. The nation of the state comprises of 12,19,912 square kilo-meters. The Republic of South Africa covers a nation of 122 million hectare and from which 18 million hectare is conceivable land for development. 8 % the conceivable cultivable terrains are under water system, which involves for about portion of the H2O request in South Africa. With a populace of 42 million and an expected one-year populace developing of - 0.412 % , urbanization and industrialisation will expand the power per unit zone on the handiness of H2O assets and the assignment. South Africa is separated into nine states viz. Gauteng, Limpopo, Northern Cape, Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, North West Province, Eastern Cape and Western Cape. We would wish to advert something realities for the unconventional nation. EASTERN CAPE Region 168 966 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is isiXhosa ( 78.8 % ) , Afrikaans ( 10.6 % ) The Eastern Cape gets progressively wetting specialist from West to east. The West is generally semi-bone-dry Karoo, aside from in the far South, which is calm downpour timberland in the Tsitsikamma part. The coastline is all around unsmooth with scattered sea shores. The greater part of the state is sloping to extremely cragged between Graaff-Reinet and Rhodes including the Sneeuberge, Stormberge, Winterberge and Drakensberg. The northern tropical woods blend in with the more calm woodlands of the South, making a fascinating wood works of grouped species endemic to this part. 2. Free State Region 129 825 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is Sesotho ( 64.2 % ) , Afrikaans ( 12.7 % ) The Free State is arranged on level limitless clear in the chest of South Africa. The rich earth and wonderful clime permit a blasting agrarian industry. With in excess of 30,000 ranches and the creation of more than 70 % of the state s grain, it is referred to locally as South Africa s breadbasket. The state is high-lying, with pretty much all land being 1,000 meters above ocean degree. Around 2.8-million individuals live in Free State. The Free State can be profoundly cold throughout the winter months, especially towards the eastern cragged parts. 3. GAUTENG Region 16 548 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is isiZulu ( 19.8 % ) , English ( 13.3 % ) , Afrikaans ( 12.4 % ) , Sesotho ( 11.6 % ) Gauteng s southern limit line is the Vaal River and which isolates it from the Free State. Gauteng is the solitary landlocked territory of South Africa with no outside limit line. The majority of Gauteng is on the Highveld, elevated level field ( around 1,500A m/4,921A foots above ocean level ) . Among Pretoria and Johannesburg there are low equal edges and undulating slopes. The North of the state is increasingly semitropical, because of its lower tallness and is to a great extent dry savanna home ground. Gauteng has cold winters and blistering summers with hoar and the Hail is basic during summer electrical tempests. The greater part of innovative work of South Africa s takes topographic point in Gauteng. Gauteng is home to huge numbers of the state s core biotechnology organizations. The state is amazingly industrialized and urbanized. 4. Natal Zone 94 361 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is isiZulu ( 77.8 % ) , English ( 13.2 % ) The state has three diverse geographic nations. The marsh part along the Indian Ocean coastline is exceptionally limited in the South, augmenting in the northern segment of the Kwazulu Natal. The cardinal part is the Natal Midlands, an undulating uneven level lifting toward the West. Third are the two cragged nations, the Lebombo Mountains in the North and Drakensberg Mountains in the West. 5. LIMPOPO Territory 125 755 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is Sesotho ( 52.9 % ) , Xitsonga ( 17 % ) , Tshivenda ( 16.7 % ) state s Johannesburg-Pretoria pivot, the most industrialized cylinder post on the mainland. The state is at the Center of territorial, national, and universal creating markets. The Limpopo contains a great part of the Waterberg Biosphere, an UNESCO-assigned Biosphere Reserve. The Waterberg Biosphere, a massif of about 15,000A km2 ( 5,800A sqA myocardial localized necrosis ) , is the initial segment in the northern bit of South Africa. Wealthy in normal excellence, human advancement and untamed life, Limpopo has a blasting touristry industry. In add-on to the Kruger National Park, there are a few extravagance private game state armies with the 54 commonplace civilian armies. Important archeological ancient rarities have been found in the nation. 6. MPUMALANGA Region 76 495 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is siSwati ( 27.7 % ) , isiZulu ( 24.1 % ) , Xitsonga ( 10.4 % ) , isiNdebele ( 10.1 % ) Mpumalanga falls mostly inside the field nation. The Lowveld and the slope signifier a transitional zone between this prairie nation and the savanna biome. The Province is a late spring precipitation nation, with incidental winter snow on high land in the slope. The slope nation in some cases encounters high place that is known for day off. Thick fog is regular during the damp and blistering summers. Lake Chrissie is the biggest characteristic new water lake in South Africa and is commended for its collection of oceanic winged animals, exceptionally flamingos. 7. NORTH WEST Region 106 512 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is Setswana ( 63.4 % ) , Afrikaans ( 9 % ) Aside from a limited portion of winter precipitation nation along the beach, the state is a semi waterless part in view of little precipitation in summer. The conditions are profoundly bone chilling and cold in winter, with exceptionally high temperatures in summer. The nation is known overall its sensational one-year explosion of spring blossoms which, for a brief period each twelvemonth, pulls in 1000s of tourers. The Northern Cape has an abundance of national Parkss and safeguarding nations. Here is the Orange River more noteworthy than at the Augrabies Falls, which positions among the universe s biggest waterfalls on a significant waterway. 8. NORTHERN CAPE Zone 372 889 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is Afrikaans ( 53.8 % ) , Setswana ( 33.1 % ) The Northern Cape is South Africa s biggest state, and separations between towns are colossal because of its flimsy populace. The south and south-east of the state is high-lying ( 1200m-1900m ) in the Roggeveld and Nuweveld regions. The West coastline is commanded by the Namaqualand part. it is commended for its spring blossoms. This nation is bumpy to cragged. What's more, it comprises of Granites and different metamorphous stones. A mid year precipitation part, very virus in winter, temperatures extend from up to 31AÂ °C in summer to each piece little as 3AÂ °C in winter. Sun City is one of the universe s greatest beguilement Centers it is most commended appealing power of Northern Cape. With a gambling club, a 18-gap golf class, theaters and show corridors, sea shores and a moving edge pool at the Valley of the Waves. 9. Western CAPE Territory 129 462 square kilometers Prevailed dialects is Afrikaans ( 49.7 % ) , isiXhosa ( 24.7 % ) , English ( 20.3 % ) Western Cape is the fourth-biggest province of South Africa. The southern waterfront nation is rich, and angling is the greater part of import industry along the West beach. Sheep horticulture is the Main help of the Karoo, and different signifiers of cultivating take topographic point in the better watered pieces of the Western Cape. Saldanha, North of Cape Town, is South Africa s only characteristic seaport, and significant seaport for Fe trades and the angling business. Different towns incorporate Stellenbosch and Worcester in the chest of the winelands, George, a Center for autochthonal timber and vegetable creation, Oudtshoorn, known for its ostrich stocks and the world-popular Cango caverns, and Beaufort West on the dry, sheep-cultivating fields of the Great Karoo. Normal RESOURCES OF SOUTH AFRICA As we probably am aware normal assets of any state is greatest abundance of that state. Since characteristic assets help to industrialization or financial improvement of that state so we discovered grouped common assets of South Africa which executing as an abundance of South Africa. South Africa s the greater part of characteristic assets are being acquired from mining industry. Similarly great as there is a decent evolved angling industry because of the long ocean nation. We referenced prevailing assets like GOLD PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Up until a couple of mature ages back South Africa was the universe s biggest gold maker. China outperformed South Africa as the universe s biggest maker of Gold in 2007. South Africa is assessed, by US Geological Survey, to hold 6000 metric dozenss of gold local armies. 95 % of South Africa s gold mines are subterranean activities, making deepnesss of over 3.8 kilometers. Combined with exacerbating classs, expanded profundity of unearthing and a slide in the overlaid financial worth, costs have started to lift, which resulting in the consistent fall underway. The great beyond of the gold business in South Africa subsequently relies upon expanded productiveness of its gold. The central gold bring forthing nation is focused on the Archaean Witwatersrand Basin. The Witwatersrand b

The Great Awakening free essay sample

During when otherworldly sentiments where non-existing, the American individuals where looking for something to bring back the profound ness of Christianity. This was the beginning of the Great Awakenings. These enormous recoveries had a huge and enduring effect on American culture. They presented changes in social and strict practices. The primary Great Awakening began in the 1730’s and finished in the 1740’s. It carried with it another soul of strict intensity to the settlements. The recovery requested for the most part to ladies and children of the third and fourth era in light of the fact that the restoration underscored the capability of each individual to have the option to begin once again, regardless of their past, with their relationship with God. Individuals connected this with the capacity to split away from their family or network and start another life. The Great Awakening additionally prompted the division of many existing gatherings and to the establishing of new ones. Edwards was excused by his parishioners in 1749 and he later passed on a strategic Indians. The extraordinary arousing additionally Instilled strict toleration In the provinces. One of the significant consequences of the Great Awakening was it bound together the majority of the Americans in a comprehension of the Christian confidence and life. Instruction likewise was a significant consequence of the Awakening. The schools of , Brown, , and Dartmouth were completely established as a result of the Awakening. It likewise drove most evangelicals to censure servitude as evil. With the finish of the Great Awakening moving close, Americans were at that point dismissing both the extreme perspectives just as Armenian ones.Europe was experiencing another difference in their own also, the Enlightenment. This like the Great Awakening had a sharp effect on settlers since a significant number of its incredible pioneers were extraordinarily affected by English idea. It was a development set apart by an accentuation on reasonability instead of custom. Science began speaking to more individuals just as an agent government instead of a government. Isaac Newton disclosure of crafted by gravity and different laws of movement impelled the Enlightenment. AsAmericans built up another method of imagined that indifferent laws administered all issue the alleged time of reason happened. New strict perspectives at that point came out of this, for example, Deism. Ben Franklin, an illumination mastermind and deist, put stock in the perfect of altruistic objectivity. He Founded the American Philosophical Society, so he and other men could talk about ethics, legislative issues, and regular way of thinking. The Enlightenment could be viewed as an enormous advances in science at that point, due to forward leaps in power by Benjamin Franklin.

Homographs Examples

Homographs Examples Homographs A homograph is a word that has the same written form as another word but shares a completely different meaning. The words may or may not have the same pronunciation but the spellings are identical. Examples of Homographs: 1. Close meaning "near" and close meaning "to shut" like to close a door. 2. Saw meaning a metal blade that cuts things or saw meaning the past tense of see as in I saw that movie last week. 3. Bow meaning to bend down and bow meaning to tie a ribbon into a bow. 4. Lead meaning to show others the way or be the first and lead meaning a type of dense metal. 5. Fine meaning that all is well or you are feeling well or fine meaning that you received a fee for parking in a handicapped spot. 6. Produce meaning to create something or produce meaning the fruits and vegetables we eat.

The Effects Of Video Games On Young Children And Growing...

Influence of Gaming Controversy about video games continue to escalate between parents and gamers, regarding the psychological effect of simulated, realistic, and 3D violence on the minds of young children and growing teenagers. Yet, research shows that video games contribute very little to today’s everyday violence, despite complaints and concerns that games influence a child’s normal behavior. Technology is a way of life in today’s world, computers are used by toddlers, adolescents, and adults alike. No matter what career path a person chooses, the computer plays an essential role in the job. The more our technology progresses and as our industry grows stronger, computers and electronic entertainment will grow to be found everywhere around the world. This includes videogames. The Columbine shooting incident in Colorado gave many angry parents an obvious reason to try and strangle the video gaming industry. According to the media, the game Doom presumably helped the young murderers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, learn shooting tactics. However, of all the bullets that were shot in Columbine High School, thirteen people were killed out of a possible eighteen hundred students. This evidence suggests that the game may NOT have helped them out at all. In fact, weapons on the television screen do not work at all as they do in real life. Controllers aren’t as heavy as real guns, for example there is no recoil from a blast, and it usually takes several shots to theShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Video Games On Teenagers895 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Effects Of Video Games On Teenagers Do you think video games are good for teenagers? Video games are one of the fastest growing entertainment. And 97% of American teens play the video games. And young people aged 8 to 18 play the video games for about 13.2 hours a week. Do you think it is too much or normal? There are a lot of negative effects on teenagers for 13.2 hours playing games. For example, video games are experiencing emotional angst among teens, and many teens are sufferingRead MoreViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth800 Words   |  4 PagesViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth Today our world is surrounded by technology and new inventions that make our lives better. Some of the most popular of hobbies among children and teenagers are video games, but what many people don’t know is that they are bad for them. Violent video games in particular have been proven to not be appropriate for the age groups that play them and to have a negative effect on school, social behavior, and increase aggression. Kids who play violent videoRead MoreViolent Video Games Effects On Children934 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is growing in todays’ society is Violent video games effect negatively on youngsters. This issue is growing because many of these games are featured aggressive elements that lead youngsters towards violence. For most players, video games are fun but also violent games take over the lives of some player. Since the world of video games was started in the 1980s, the video games still getting new level of popularity in this world. Most people are getting really addictive of these violent video gamesRead MoreSex And Violence In The Media Influence Teen Behavior.1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthe media. The media has become a common reason as to why violence occur. Teenagers in the 21st century are exposed to more sexuality and violence than ever. Being exposed to sex and violence has had a bad impact on teens because what they see in the media sometimes have an effect on their beh avior. The media plays a huge role in the lives of many teens in everyday life. The amount of violence that the media exposes young teens too has caused controversy and has caused many people to lose their livesRead MoreThe Developmental Impact Of Technology On Today s Society937 Words   |  4 Pagesphones or latest gadgets and being oblivious to the world. The obsession and need to use technology affects every developmental stage. The affect starts at the young age of infancy and continues into childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. It may have a greater effect on one developmental stage over the other, but it is clear the technology effects even the youngest child. A person may not see an infant as being able to be affected by technology but with all the technological advances in today’s worldRead MoreNegatives Of Violent Video Games1358 Words   |  6 PagesViolent Video Games Enemies coming in from your left, a building collapses in front of you, but you plunge ahead. A bomb goes off behind you, taking thousands of innocent lives. You hear a bullet whiz past your head and out of the corner of your eye you see bright red blood seeping out of your ear. But you ignore it; you have to keep going if you want to win this battle. Sounds graphic, right? No one would want their child experiencing this. So then why are so many parents allowing their children toRead MoreEssay on Life is Not a Video Game1698 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games are probably the most asked for present when a child sits on Santa Claus’ lap at Christmas time. They are, in all probability, what kids ask for when they make a wish while blowing out the candles on their birthday cake. The latest installment in the Call of Duty video game franchise, Modern Warfare 3, reached record sales of $775,000,000 in five days (Tito). At sixty dollars each, that means that this game is present in approximately 12,750,000 homes worldwide. Although the gaming industryRead MoreSocial Medi The Power Of Context By Malcolm Gladwell1665 Words   |  7 PagesCentury The development of social media (television shows, Facebook and video games) has increased tremendously in the 21st century, and its influence in daily lives has also affected young teenagers and their parents’ contemplation about violence. In the past, the function of social media was to discover hidden events and tell parents the right way to raise and educate their kids. However, in the 21st century, young teenagers can see violence on television shows, movies, YouTube, and Facebook asRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Violent Behavior Among Young Children1525 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Video games on Violent Behavior among Young Children Julian A. Jaggon University of Central Florida The Effect of Video games on Violent Behavior among Young Children Just how popular are videogames? In today’s society very popular, not only do our kids and teenagers play video games but even grown men and women play them as well. Video games are now more popular than watching television or going to the movies. According to Center forRead More Violence in Video Games Essay examples1114 Words   |  5 PagesViolence in Video Games My friend Aaron rocked me with an unsuspecting blow to the stomach. â€Å"Oww, what was that for?!?† I asked him in shock. â€Å"You stole my kill,† he responded. We were playing the very violent, very bloody, very popular shoot ‘em up video game, Halo for the XBOX. Aaron was always a nice, well-mannered, and generally friendly person, until we met in the video game arena. It was almost as if he was a completely changed person once the game was popped into the XBOX disk drive

How To Become Famous Essay - 1064 Words

There are many people who want to become famous for all kinds of reason. Some people may have talents that they want to get famous for. Other people may want to be well-known to gain popularity and friends. One of the most important steps to becoming famous is mastering an art. It is not enough to be good at something, you need to be outstanding in whatever area that you choose. Today, there are so many people who are famous that you need to stand out from the crowd. Along the way there will be people who offer you advise. However not all the advise that you are given will be good. There are some people who are condescending and patronising. Others will tell you to give up on your dreams, but you should not listen to them. However, you†¦show more content†¦There are many ways of getting famous. There are as many ways of becoming famous as there are famous people. If you aim to do something that will inspire people then you will go a long way. You need to be precocious at whatever it is you do and you also need to be the first to do something. An example, of this would be the Osbournes. Until the Osbournes reality show had been televised there had never been anything like it. Reality shows didnt start to be a big thing until the Osbournes had been shown on national television. It was the Osbournes who were the first people to make it big as reality television stars. In fact, their shows are still being shown on television, even years after they have completed filming. You need to find a talent and present it in a way that is unique. Therefore, find a talent that is different from the norm and you will stand out from the crowd. You will need to do a lot of research, especially at first. Look at all the major search engines and find something that people love. If people abhor a musical instrument or a particular genre of music then you wont gain the recognition that you want. Try and find out why other people are famous and what they have done. Once you have done your research then it is time to master the skill. At first, try to abstain from performing in public until you feel confident enough. Some people perform in public too early and get put off by negative criticism. However,Show MoreRelatedWhat It Means to Be a Pop Star968 Words   |  4 Pagesto many people. An image can make people assume that they know what a pop star is. Some people think a pop star is someone who just gets on stage and performs. However not everyone thinks that’s what a pop star is. Not too many people are able to become a pop star in today’s society. In order to do that you have to be really dedicated, work hard, and you also have to make a lot of sacrifices. One of the more popular teenage pop stars that we currently have is Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, and TaylorRead MoreEssay about Almost Famous: Sex, Drugs, and Rock-n-Roll1503 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I’m a golden god,† Russell Hammond shouts from a roof top as he is about to jump off into a pool from a bad acid trip. The iconic rock-n-roll scene of inflated egos and strung out rock stars. However, this is a rare occurrence in Almost Famous. It is a story of a boy, William Miller (Patrick Fugit), becoming a man while learning about the rock-n-roll culture with his only true friend, his tape recorder. William, age fifteen, is traveling with the band Stillwater to interview them for a RollingRead MoreMy Life Of K Pop Music1501 Words   |  7 Pagesto K-pop community through Tumblr, YouTube, and Korean News websites, I found out that many Korean idols have background story to become famous and that it was not as easy to r each to the top of Korean music industry. A very important aspect off the Korean music industry is the Korean record labeling companies. Korean record labeling companies may hold several famous idols and keep a clean image but I found many scandals concerning them.†¯Naturally when you start being knowledgeable about celebritiesRead MoreEssay on Tourism and Hospitality1019 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding consumer behavior is very crucial towards making decisions about marketing of tourism products and activities. In order to optimize the marketing activity, and thus fully benefit from the tourism industry, it is necessary to understand how consumers make their decisions and the factors that affect the decision making by the tourists. Moreover, it is crucial to understand consumer tastes at various seasons. The tourism industry changes with seasons. For example, tourism trends during theRead MoreBullying Is Good Or Bad?1365 Words   |  6 Pagesschool officials are in school at least five days a week, for at least six hours a day, which accumulates to around thirty hours a week. Out of the school year at least 35 hours are/will be devoted to talks, assemblies, and class discussions about how horrible it is to bully a person. The poor students are missing out on vital and precious school time to discuss bullying. While teachers on the other hand, are loving this time being taken out of their work day. Why do teachers love bullying? WellRead MoreDesigning A Business Strategy For Getting And K eeping Customers1350 Words   |  6 PagesFamous Brands ltd which started in 1955, is currently located in Midrand, Johannesburg and are listed on the Johannesburg Stock exchange, the current price is R1.65 per share. In total the company has over 2.163 franchised stores worldwide, 1881 in South Africa, 172 in other parts of Africa and 110 in the UK. In the last two years Famous brand ltd have opened up 245 restaurants in South Africa. They have become increasingly profitable due to expansion in manufacturing and acquiring more fast foodRead MoreFame Success1247 Words   |  5 Pagesdoesn’t always mean that fame is involved. Success is a spiritual practice of doing what you love regardless of outcome. Fame is an arbitrary reward not necessarily given to the most deserving. We look at success from different perspective and judge how it builds the characteristics to hit the level of success. To most people, success means achieving a goal. In order to achieve a goal, a perso n usually has to work hard and believe in himself. People, who are successful in one project, tend to be moreRead MoreAnalysis of the Article The Flip Side of Internet Fame1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the Internet is still in its infancy in terms of how it is best-integrated into society and regulated by the same ethical, social, and legal principles as traditional forms of communications. It is likely that the solution lies, not in the evolution of regulations or in limitations on free speech; rather, the solution is likely to evolve naturally as subsequent generations develop a better and more nearly comprehensive understanding of how to integrate their offline and online identities in waysRead MoreMedia and Celebrities1124 Words   |  5 Pagesmedia are celebrities. People originally like to know about the life of famous people, they follow their life experiences, their clothes, their ordinary life; people like to copy their idols. Celebrities by themselves use such famous In ternet services like FaceBook, Twitter and MySpace to communicate with fans, to raise their popularity. New singers and actors are using media to market their talent; it is a best way to become famous. Media and celebrities are cooperating with each other and both of themRead MoreGoldstein Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pageslife. Patrick Goldstein’s â€Å"Tiger Mom vs. Tiger Mailroom,† which first appeared in Times on February 6, 2011, emphasizes how you can be successful in life with or without attending college and receiving a degree. Goldstein used credited information by using quotes from famous successful people as well as credited knowledge from another book. Goldstein argued that you can still become successful in life by having a particular talent instead of receiving a college degree. His statement is compared to

Differentiate between Inferior goods and Giffen goods in the context of income effect and substitution effect free essay sample

In economics, an inferior good is a good that decreases in demand when consumer income rises, unlike normal goods, for which the opposite is observed. Normal goods are those for which consumers demand increases when their income increases. This would be the opposite of a superior good, one that is often associated with wealth and the wealthy, whereas an inferior good is often associated with lower socio-economic groups. In economics and consumer theory, a Giffen good is one which people paradoxically consume more of as the price rises, violating the law of demand. In normal situations, as the price of a good rises, the substitution effect causes consumers to purchase less of it and more of substitute goods. In the Giffen good situation, the income effect dominates, leading people to buy more of the good, even as its price rises. All Giffen goods are inferior goods, but not all inferior goods are Giffen goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Differentiate between Inferior goods and Giffen goods in the context of income effect and substitution effect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Giffen goods are difficult to find because a number of conditions must be satisfied for the associated behavior to be observed. One reason for the difficulty in finding Giffen goods that is Giffen originally envisioned a specific situation faced by individuals in a state of poverty. Modern consumer behavior research methods often deal in aggregates that average out income levels and are too blunt an instrument to capture these specific situations. Furthermore, complicating the matter are the requirements for limited availability of substitutes, as well as that the consumers are not so poor that they can only afford the inferior good. It is for this reason that many text books use the term Giffen paradox rather than Giffen good. Income Effect The income effect is defined as the result of a change in a products price relative to the consumers disposable income. When the price of a good changes, the real, or actual, income of the consumer who wants that good changes. If the price goes up, then the consumer is worse off, since he has less disposable income. Therefore, he can buy less of the good, or not buy it at all. Substitution Effect The substitution effect occurs when, as the result of a price increase, the consumer will substitute another product in its place, or forgo the product altogether. This concept, however, depends on what sort of product has gone up in price, and how the consumer views that product. If the product is a necessity, then the substitution effect will become clear, since the consumer, who cannot do without the product, will shift, or substitute, a lower-cost version of the same item. A special type of inferior good may exist known as the Giffen good, which would disobey the law of demand. Quite simply, when the price of a Giffen good increases, the demand for that good increases. This would have to be a good that is such a large proportion of a person or markets consumption that the income effect of a price increase would produce, effectively, more demand. The observed demand curve would slope upward, indicating positive elasticity. It was noted by Sir Robert Giffen III that in Ireland during the 19th century there was a rise in the price of bread. The poor people were forced to reduce their consumption of meat and expensive items as eggs etc. Now bread being still the cheapest food, so they started consuming more of it though its price was rising. This phenomenon is often described as Giffens Paradox. Conditions for Giffen goods Total consumption on the good forms a large part of the budget The total amount the consumer spends on the good should form a large fraction of the consumers budget. Only in such a case does an increase in the price of the good create a budget shortage significant enough to cause a shift in other consumption patterns. In other words, an increase in its price should produce a significant income effect. The good must be inferior The good must be an inferior good in order for the budget shortage on the part of consumers to cause an increase in consumption. In other words, the good must be inferior for the income effect to increase its consumption due to substitution away from costly and superior alternatives. Close substitutes must be absent but not-so-close substitutes must exist Finally, the cost difference with substitutes must be sufficiently substantial that even with the increase in price, it is still attractive as an inferior good. In other words, the substitution effect created by an increase in its relative price should be too small to counter the income effect created by the increased costs. Alternative explanations for apparent Giffen goods Just because the quantity demanded for a good increases with increases in its price does not imply that the good is a Giffen good. To qualify as a Giffen good, the quantity demanded must increase despite the fact that the substitution effect works against it: in other words, the value that buyers place on the good does not increase. Substitution and Income Effect: These two terms are very familiar to anybody who has taken an intermediate course in macroeconomics. With the recent articles regarding volunteerism and labor statistics, I thought that it was very timely to write on these two very important concepts. Let’s start with a thought experiment: if you were to receive a 10% increase in your hourly wage, would you increase, decrease, or maintain your hours worked? Believe it or not, any answer is correct, despite many assumptions regarding the positive slope of labor supply curves. The reason that any answer is correct lies in an understanding of substitution and income effects. The substitution effect is the change in consumption patterns due to a change in the relative prices of goods. For example, if private universities increase their tuition by 10% and public universities increase their tuition by only 2%, then it is very likely that we would see a shift in attendance from private to public universities (at least amongst students accepted to both). The same can be said across brands, goods, and even categories of goods. Examples would be the relative price of Pepsi vs. Coke, Red Meat vs. Poultry and Clothes vs. Entertainment. The income effect is the change in consumption patterns due to the change in purchasing power. This can occur from income increases, price changes, or even currency fluctuations. Since income is not a good in and of it (it can only be exchanged for goods and services, a point which has been debated recently by neuroeconomists), price decreases increase one’s purchasing power. For example, a decrease in the price of all cars allows you to buy either a cheaper car or a better car for the same price, thus increasing your utility. Goods typically fall into one of two categories: normal and inferior. These categorizations relate consumption of a good with a particular individual’s income. Normal goods increase in consumption as income increase while inferior goods decrease as income increases. Also, some goods can be normal or inferior only on certain ranges of an income spectrum. For example, education is a normal good: as one’s income increases (family income), demand for education increases. As one’s income increases, hot dog consumption, however, typically decreases. References

Regal Marine Company Product Life Cycle

International organizations such as regal marine are aware that the basis of their success is in the product or service they sell to their customers. With many competitors all over the world, the superiority of an organization’s products is the key to gaining a competitive edge in the market (Pantaleo, Pal, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Regal Marine Company Product Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, organizations have recognized the need to provide the best service to their customers for them to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors and thus stay relevant in the market. Regal marine is a luxury boat making company that was established in 1976 in Vermont. The company has had a good reputation as a quality boat maker and this has contributed to its steady growth over the years (Heizer Render 1996). Regal marine adopts the concept of product lifecycle in its portfo lio of products by regularly launching new products into their existing portfolio of over 22 models. However, these models are at varied product lifecycle and this means that new models are regularly introduced as older ones are removed from their production lines due to completion of their lifecycle. Their products’ lifecycle are often divided into four consecutive stages which are: introduction, growth, maturity, and the decline stage. Their products’ lifecycle are at times as short as three and a half years and this is due to the regular changes in the boat market meant to meet the different customer preferences in trends and styles and also to gain competitive advantage. The main source of competitive advantage in the market has always been recognized as the knowledge of consumer needs and the ability to predict future consumer preferences. This is done by reviewing past consumer trends (Harrigan, 2003). For instance, not so long ago, the company introduced the thr ee passenger Rush, which was sold at $11,000. It was a small powerful boat that was a favorite product for water sports especially for water-skiers, but by the year that followed they had to introduce the 20 foot in-board out-boards boat since their competitors were catching up with the Rush. Subsequently, they introduced the redesigned, luxury 42 foot Commodore. Due to the shortness of some of their products’ lifecycle there has always been a need to invest in a consistent flow of new ideas on different designs to maintain their competitive advantage.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With these many innovations in the pipeline, their engineers and designers have had to work extra hard to keep up with the tight schedule of releasing new products. The beginning of their product lifecycle involves the designing of new products where contributions from consultants, dealer s and their customers are carefully taken into consideration. They have always tailored their products to meet this customer, consultant and dealer preferences and due to these changing preferences in the market, Regal Marine has been forced to speed up its innovation process by soliciting the participation of critical suppliers early in the design stages. This is because the sooner they get their specific raw materials, the sooner they can launch these new products into the market (Heizer Render 2001). The company has been forced to invest in quality production in order to maintain and service a more loyal customer base. This is all geared towards maintaining a competitive advantage in the luxury boat market. They are also required to strictly incorporate the different government regulations and tax requirement into their organizational culture to avoid legal liabilities that may be costly to the company. The proposed design is then forwarded to the styling studio, where Computer Aided Design (CAD) machines are used to accelerate the process of development. This technology aids the Regal Marine engineers in sketching boat designs and the graphic programming of this technology drafts the desired geometry of the intended boat design. This technology speeds up the design process as data used by engineers such as the boat’s dimensions, the strength of materials used, and the total weight of the finished product are automatically calculated by a computer program (Heizer Render 1996). They first production stage is where they make a foam-based carving that is then used to make the fiberglass moulds for the decks and the hulls. This technology also serves as a virtual test subject of the finished product and with its use engineers can see what the finished product will look like hence avoiding the extra costs of having to modify a faulty finished product. Traditional drafting techniques have been identified as being labor intensive hence more time is consum ed in drafting and they also leave room for too many errors, hence contradicting their quality production policy. With the adoption of CAD technology, the company’s profit margins are also maintained at high levels and they are able to in invest more in innovations and technologies that their competitors have not yet acquired.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Regal Marine Company Product Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides the CAD technology they have also had to integrate innovative communication systems to ensure that everyone in the organization is aware of the company’s mission, goals and grand strategies (Pantaleo Pal, 2008). This has made the implementation of these strategies to be timely and thus successful in the long run. References Harrigan, K.., R. (2003). Declining demand, divestiture, and corporate strategy. Frederick, Maryland: Beard Books. Heizer, J. and Render, B. ( 1996). Production operations management. Prentice Hall series in decision sciences. New York: Prentice Hall. Heizer, J. and Render, B. (2001). Principles of operations management. New York: Prentice Hall Pantaleo, D., C. and Pal, N. (2008). From Strategy to Execution: Turning Accelerated Global Change into Opportunity. Sustainability and innovation. Warren: Springer This essay on Regal Marine Company Product Life Cycle was written and submitted by user Ryan Vasquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Read Graphic Novel And Answer 2 Questions Example

Read Graphic Novel And Answer 2 Questions Example Read Graphic Novel And Answer 2 Questions – Coursework Example Answers to the 2 questions Marji’s parents decided to send their daughter away from the current Iran political turmoil as they realized that the situation will cause a negative impact on their daughter. Marji was a patriotic and determined young-girl, and she has been aspiring to see justice prevail in her homeland but her ambition was susceptible to in causing her problem. Marji’s patriotic heart made her to be perceived as a rebellious girl in school. One day, Marji confronted with one of the teachers after speaking the truth that led her into trouble with the school. â€Å"You say that we don’t have political prisoners anymore, but we’ve gone from 3000 prisoners under the Shah to 300000 under your regime† (Persepolis p.144).After this incident Marji’s parent felt that Iran was no longer a safe place for their daughter,and because they valued education, they validated Marji to leave to Australia to enable her learn without restriction. â₠¬Å"trust[s] your education† (Persepolis p. 147).The novel end in giving us a vibrant reason on why children eventually break ties with those who raise them, and move to live their life. Marji breaks from her family and from her Iran culture that raised her hence fashioning her identity that enable her to grow into her own self.â€Å"Western† is used in Persepolis to reveal the existing stereotype that western Hemisphere specifically Europe and the U.S. have toward Iran. The author in her book had tried to elucidate how westernized Iranian was; Marji did this with a strong ambition of convincing western people to stop stereotyping Iranian culture. "Stereotypes of the Islamic Republic as oppressive and backward against the Western conviction over its own progressive liberalism" (Persepolis p.224).Marji dresses in western-style jeans hence assisting the author to contrast the Eastern and Waster culture to help people to grasp how westernized Iranian culture is. â€Å"I re ally didn’t know what to think about the veil. Deep down I was very religious but as a family we were very modern and avant-garde.† (6). Marji was stuck between the two antagonistic worlds. One side Marji dressed in western-style cloth, and she felt contented with, while on the other side she dresses in a veil which although she hates at one point she saw the veil as beautiful. The author at the end of her book she drew a significant picture that there is a high possibility for bridging the predominant cultural difference between the Western and Eastern people.Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis. New York, NY: Pantheon Books,  2003. Print.

Executive Compensation Schemes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Executive Compensation Schemes - Essay Example A promising action to address this problem is to develop frameworks for employee stock options valuation that will enhance the quality of compensation disclosure. This lack of information also does not help shareholders determine the company's long term prospects. The debate on executive compensation continues to acquire a national scope with the string of investment bank failures. Many business analysts put forward corporate reforms that try to construct payment schemes that will really induce CEOs to pursue the shareholder interest. When Nike paid William Perez US $18.2 million dollars in 2006, it made him the highest-paid chief executive. However, it was during Perez' one-year tenure that Nike's stock price dropped by more than $7 per share and the Swoosh lost US $2 billion dollars in market value. Nike's board asked the underperforming Perez to leave the following year. A US government official acknowledged the exorbitant executive pay in large American companies. Christopher Cox, chairman of the US Securities and Exchange Commission had admitted that executive compensation had changed but the SEC's disclosure rules have not been able to keep up with the pace. Company disclosure obfuscates rather than provides the clarity regarding executive compensation. (Seattle Times, July 9, 2006) US President Barack Obama had implemented restrictions on pay for executives at investment banks bailed out by taxpayers so as to curb Wall Street excesses and reign in public anger before the White House requests for federal funds to bail out the financial sector. Obama described Wall Street bonuses as "shameful" and expressed "disgust" at executives who reward themselves for failure (Financial Times, February 4, 2009). Obama further said that America does not disparage wealth but what gets people upset are executives who reward themselves for failure, particularly when those rewards are subsidized by US taxpayers. He pegged the compensation of executives of companies that receive assistance from the government at US $500,000 ('345,000) a year. Executives can obtain restricted stock, which could not be sold before the government had been repaid. (Financial Times, February 4, 2009). A Chief Executive Officer of a Standard & Poor's 500 company received US $14.2 million dollars in total compensation annually in 2007, according to the Corporate Library, a corporate governance research firm. The median compensation package that executives had earned was US $8.8 million dollars. In addition, the AFL-CIO labor union recognized that a fair compensation system for executives and workers is essential to the establishment of a long-term corporate value. The chief executive officers of large U.S. companies averaged US $10.8 million dollars in total compensation in 2006, more than 364 times the pay of the average U.S. worker. (Financial Week, 2007) Options constitute an important portion of executive compensation. An aspect of these programs is the discreteness of vesting dates and option exercise dates. The option grants occur infrequently. Investment banks and executive compensation The business of an investment bank is doing huge deals. This deal making usually involves raising capital either debt or equity for clients and advising on merger and aquisition transactions. In addition, investment banks sell securities to institutional investors. They also trade for their own account. Investment banks

International Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Human Resource - Essay Example However, the nature of their work and the type of organization they work for will determine how these common environmental factors are perceived - whether they are seen as positive or negative, threats or opportunities Over the last two decades there has been a profound shift in thinking about the role that people play in the success of the business, with a growing view that the management of people is a key organizational capability and one, which should be highly integrated with the strategic aims of the business. A cornerstone of this notion of International human resource management is the creation of linkage or integration between the overall strategic aims of the business and the human resource strategy and implementation Managers should keep informed about important factors and developments in both their external and internal environments. They can do this by constantly 'scanning' their environment, which is, by establishing and maintaining a network of contacts, maintaining good communication channels, keeping up-to-date in their field and monitoring important issues and activities. It is not necessary to be an expert on modern day business to know that there are few organizations entirely limited by national boundaries. The smallest independent entrepreneur in the UK will have office equipment made in Japan or the USA. At the level of large trading organizations, many of these companies operate across the globe or are the competition with the companies operating in that way. It is indeed impossible for most employing organizations to act as if their world was bounded by the national border of the country that is their home base. Across the world there is increasing extension of trading blocks, increasing development of internationally operating multinational corporations (MNC's), and increasing internationalization of business. International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price promote and direct the flow of the company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one for a profit. (Cateora & Graham 10) A key factor in the increasing internationalism of employment is that there are cultural differences between nations. There are differences in national attitudes and value systems. International human resource strategies It is argued that all international organizations will have to develop international HRM policies and practices. This will manifestly not be easy. On the other hand, it will be crucial to the success of the international business. Schuler et al (1993:721) define the field as covering Human resource management issues, functions and policies and practices that result from the strategic activities of multinational enterprises and the impact on the international concerns and the impact on the international concerns and goals of those enterprises. Most international business employ both locals and expatriates; most have overall strategies and try to be culturally aware in each country; they aim to be successful in each location, and successful overall. If they are to achieve this they will need to have clearly thought out, well integrated human resource strategies that are part of , and contribute to , their overall international

Polio Essay Essay Example for Free

Polio Essay Essay In this world, there are over 12,000 diseases caused by either bacteria or viruses, and most of them are yet to be discovered. One of the dreadful diseases revealed is polio (which is shortened for poliomyelitis) (Ballard). The polio virus enters the body through the mouth, multiplies in the throat and intestine, and spreads through the blood to the central nervous system. Thus, the virus attacks the CNS, which can lead to paralysis. The paralysis would start with the legs, and would be visible due to the atrophy, and the muscles wasting away due to the lack of use (Hecht). Many have spent their whole life in iron lungs due to paralysis in the chest muscles (Ballard). There are three types of polio: mild, non paralytic and paralytic (Hecht). Only 1% of all polio patients develop paralytic polio (Hecht). In 1947, as Jonas Salk searched for a vaccination, he came upon the conclusion that a chemical called formaldehyde can eliminate the virus (Ballard). Another scientist named Albert Sabin desired to weaken the virus, instead of killing it (Ballard). Thus, this lead to the invention of oral vaccines that people can swallow (Ballard). A severe disease called post-polio syndrome, which is an illness of the nervous system develops, and can appear 15-50 years after a patient has been affected by polio (Hecht). People and children can contract polio due to a variety of factors, which are present in several third world countries. It still remains to be an underlying health problem in many developing countries (Ballard). The following is a case study about the several societal and political factors that are affecting Pakistans polio eradication program. Pakistan is one of the four countries (along with Nigeria, India, and Afghanistan) in which polio has remained endemic since the World Health Assembly in 1988 (Katz). In the early 1990s, almost 20 000 cases of polio were reported, although, the numbers have been fluctuating up and down ever since (Katz). Firstly, immense floods in the summer of 2010 have ravaged the Swat Valley in Pakistan resulting in the displacement of millions of people, the absence of running water and electricity, and the closure of at least 500 health clinics and facilities (Katz). Secondly, the weaknesses in the delivery of services and issues of poor health systems governance are a major factor in  the failure to achieve eradication (Nishtar). Lastly, the absence of polio vaccines from non-health sectors such as war and conflict zones and the refusal of parents to vaccinate their children have increased the number of polio cases in the country (Nishtar). The challenges and threats Pakistan faces in the eradication of Polio jeopardizes the world wide efforts, and as long as a single child remains infected, children in all countries are at risk of contracting polio (Nishtar). In general, the polio virus is highly contagious and each and every country that is still under the threats of polio must be careful and responsible enough to see the warning signs before it is too late. Polio usually develops as the result of contact with either polluted water or the mosquitoes that breed in such water. (Bano et al.) Also, the improper sanitization and lack of clean water and electricity promotes the growth of deadly viruses and bacteria (Bano et al.). The only remaining solution for Pakistan is to develop a plan for National immunizat ion days, where the entire government must educate every one of its citizens to vaccinate their children and reduce the risk of contracting polio (Nishtar). After so many dreadful years, India and Nigeria have shown promise of possibly attaining eradication in the next several years (Kelland). Other countries have diligently strived to eradicate polio by spending over $6 million dollars on vaccination campaigns (Draper). Comparable to the Pakistan case study stated above, there are many issues that contribute to polios existence in developing countries. There is an increased rate of international travel which contributes to the spread of polio (Hecht). If the world wants to eradicate polio permanently, we must try to contain the virus, involving all the countries laboratories, identifying and destroying the source of polio viruses and establishing a post eradication immunization policy with W.H.O (World Health Organization) (Hecht). Each developing country also has to determine the diverse economic, cultural, social and geographical factors responsible for the persistence of polio (Bano et al.). Other reasons of polio still being wide spread are due to the low levels of literacy (causing the community to be unaware of vaccines), people following an unhygienic life, laborers who do not properly wash their hands before eating and improper drainage systems (Bano et al.). Additionally, a large  number of children are malnourished and extremely poor and health workers impose costs for vaccination services that are meant to be provided for free (Nishtar). Despite almost a billion dollars being donated for campaigns encouraging polio eradication, due to a shortfall of funds and lack of transparency in governance (Nishtar), there is much delay in interrupting the poliovirus transmission in third world countries (Kelland). According to Donaldson, who is the Chairman of the National Patient Safety Agency in UK, These are the children that the world forgot, growing up with no protection from polio at a time when most of the worlds parents have long forgotten what polio even is. He also mentioned that, If the funding gap isnt bridged, future generations will surely look back and wonder how this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to destroy polio†¦was allowed to slip through our fingers. (Kelland) In conclusion, polio used to be an endemic before the 20th century and is still a major dilemma in third world countries today. We should be obliged to take action for this crisis and eradicate polio once and for all. Factors promoting the spread of polio, including poor sanitation, inadequate amount of clean supplies and low levels of literacy, require attention and should be solved with the assistance of money, dedicated health care workers and the government. Education, experimentation and discoveries which grow out of them are the best tools to protect the health of others (Hecht). All in all, the lesson to be learned is that the fight against infectious diseases will never come to an end and we must continue to strive on to at least reduce the risk of those in our society obtaining these diseases or illnesses. Works Cited Ballard, Carol. _From Cowpox to Antibiotics_. Chicago: Reed Elsevier Inc. 2006. Print. Bano, Gulnaz, et al. Impediments in the implementation of polio eradication program. _Journal of_ _Natural Science, Biology and Medicine._ Gale Science In Context. 2011. Web. 25 Feb 2013. Draper, Stark Allison. _Epidemics Deadly Diseases Throughout History_: _Polio._ New York: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. 2001. Print. Hecht, Alan. _Deadly Diseases and Epidemics: Polio_. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 2003. Print. Katz, Samuel L. Chasing polio in Pakistan: Why the worlds largest public health initiative may fail. _Journal of Clinical Investigation_. Science In Context. 2011. Web. 26 Feb 2013. Kelland, Kate. Polio eradication drive imperiled by funding shortfall. _Reuters Health Medical_ _News._ Gale Science In Context. 2012. Web. 24 Feb 2013. Nishtar, Sania. Pakistan, politics and polio. _Bulletin of the World Health Organization._ Science In Context. Feb. 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

Software Patents Must be Eliminated :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Software Patents Must be Eliminated Software patents threaten to devastate America's computer industry. Patents granted in the past decade are now being used to attack companies such as the Lotus Development Corporation for selling programs that they have independently developed. Soon new companies will often be barred from the software arena--most major programs will require licenses for dozens of patents, and this will make them infeasible. This problem has only one solution: software patents must be eliminated. The Patent System and Computer Programs The framers of the United States Constitution established the patent system so that inventors would have an incentive to share their inventions with the general public. In exchange for divulging an invention, the patent grants the inventor a 17 year monopoly on its use. The patent holder can license others to use the invention, but may also refuse to do so. Independent reinvention of the same technique by others does not give them the right to use it. Patents do not cover specific systems: instead, they cover particular techniques that can be used to build systems, or particular features that systems can offer. Once a technique or feature is patented, it may not be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder--even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer program typically uses many techniques and provides many features, it can infringe many patents at once. Until recently, patents were not used in the software field. Software developers copyrighted individual programs or made them trade secrets. Copyright was traditionally understood to cover the implementation details of a particular program; it did not cover the features of the program, or the general methods used. And trade secrecy, by definition, could not prohibit any development work by someone who did not know the secret. On this basis, software development was extremely profitable, and received considerable investment, without any prohibition on independent software development. But this scheme of things is no more. A change in U.S. government policy in the early 1980's stimulated a flood of applications. Now many have been approved, and the rate is accelerating. Many programmers are unaware of the change and do not appreciate the magnitude of its effects. Today the lawsuits are just beginning. Absurd Patents The Patent Office and the courts have had a difficult time with computer software. The Patent Office refused until recently to hire Computer Science graduates as examiners, and in any case does not offer competitive salaries for the field.

Ben Lawson’s Custom Fabricators Research Essay

Question 1: How does Ben Lawson’s Custom Fabricators, Inc., create value for Orleans? Custom Fabricators, Inc. is able to create value to Orleans because Custom Fabricator’s manufacturing plant is right next to Orleans’ plant. Ben is able to minimize lead-time for Orleans. They are able to deliver parts to Orleans really fast. Quality is also something Custom Fabricators could ensure because they are able to fix something and deliver it to Orleans quicker because they are so close to each other. Custom Fabricators would also be more effective for Orleans because they’ve cooperated for so long, so Custom Fabricators know the needs and requirements of Orleans really well. They can offer Orleans better field support and problem solving. Question 2 In the past, what has been Ben Lawson’s competitive advantage in keeping the Orleans business? CFI can maintain its competitive advantage due to its propel location, it is near Orleans facility, and it also invest new machines to improve the processes of manufacture for Orleans; meanwhile, its employee loyalty is good because it pay its employees good. In this case, it make CFI have a competitive advantage. Question 3 Have Orleans’s priorities changed? From the case, it is clear to see the Orleans has changed priorities. There are trying to change base to the high quality products. Also they change products to cheaper price as a base strategy. They reduce the cost with elevators and the raw materials, also something else. Ben was concerned about some big issues, such as reducing labor costs and competing with the Mexican labor market. He also was concerned the security of his position relationship with the company.(Can Chen 9362) 4. Should Ben change his business model? Yes, Ben should change his business model because Orleans, its customers, is changing. Orleans outsourced the whole elevator. Orleans reduced its plant size from 400,000 square feet to 150,000 square feet. Recently, Orleans is reducing its material cost associated with its elevators by contracting many suppliers from Mexico. Meanwhile, Ben cannot compete with suppliers from Mexico in price. Therefore, Ben should work with some suppliers from Mexico to negotiate the material costor outsource totally. When dealing with suppliers from Mexico, Ben may face some difficulties, such as transportation and communication. Question 5: How should Ben position his company in the value chain? There are a few options for Ben to position his company in the value chain because of it’s close proximity to the Orleans plant. Inbound logistics would be one because delivery speed would be fast since they are so close. Orleans does not have to store too much inventory because of this. They can get materials from Ben in short time. Ben’s company could also easily provide service support to Orleans if any problems arise from parts manufactured by Custom Fabricators. Question 6 What should Ben do to ensure his company’s future success? I think CFI should improve their operation management to make their processes more efficient and effective, meanwhile they need to match their current marketing strategies to global market. the top management of CFI should also consider whether carry out more capital investment because these new technology could reduce cost, improve quality, therefore increase competitive advantage in the market. finally, CFI could partner with some other companies to improve overall competitiveness.

Quiz Essay example - 902 Words

1. Turnadot Sons is a small wholesaler of decorative cast iron objects. The following events, related to a special customer order, occur as described below;? August 5, 2005: Turnadot receives the special order for 200 outdoor planters at a selling price of $50 each, including delivery at a future convenient time and location. The customer, with whom Turnadot has had a long-term, trouble-free relationship, pays $3,000 as a deposit and agrees to pay the rest on delivery. Turnadot immediately orders $4,000 worth of planters from its supplier and pays a $1,000 deposit for them.;? August 27, 2005: Turnadot pays $3,000 balance due to the supplier upon delivery of the planters to its warehouse.;? September 5, 2005: The customer calls for†¦show more content†¦Debit the current asset advances to suppliers $1,000, credit cash $1,000;? Debit inventory $1,000, credit cash $1,000;? Debit cost of goods sold $4,000, credit cash $1,000, credit accounts payable $3,000;? Debit cost of goods sold $1,000, credit revenues $1,000;3. Turnadot Sons is a small wholesaler of decorative cast iron objects. The following events, related to a special customer order, occur as described below;? August 5, 2005: Turnadot receives the special order for 200 outdoor planters at a selling price of $50 each, including delivery at a future convenient time and location. The customer, with whom Turnadot has had a long-term, trouble-free relationship, pays $3,000 as a deposit and agrees to pay the rest on delivery. Turnadot immediately orders $4,000 worth of planters from its supplier and pays a $1,000 deposit for them.;? August 27, 2005: Turnadot pays $3,000 balance due to the supplier upon delivery of the planters to its warehouse.;? September 5, 2005: The customer calls for delivery of the planters, and pays the balance of $7,000 when they arrive at the customer site.;On August 27, 2005, upon delivery of planters to Turnadots warehouse and payment of $3,000Show MoreRelatedEssay The Quiz Sh ow1015 Words   |  5 Pages The film, â€Å"The Quiz Show† is about the famous public revealing of a rigged television production called Twenty-One during the 1950s. The shows main attraction, a Jewish Queen’s resident named Herbert Stempel, rose to fame as families around the county watched the bright contestant correctly answer question after question, week after week. As ratings and profits began to plateau sponsors and producers felt a change of face was necessary. 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Malaria Causes Cure

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6206 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Biology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Solving a Biological Problem Summary The chapter is about the methodology that is involved in exploring some understanding toward solving a biological problem while doing research in quest. With citation of example of malaria as a problem along with historical stage involved towards gradual understanding related to its causes leading to the findings to its cure and preventions, an attempt was made to present the approach that has been involved in addressing the scientific issues in past. A practical approach that is possible to conduct practically at school level to get the students introduced with research at elementary level and built up some interest in students has been presented in the following chapter. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malaria Causes Cure | Sciences Dissertations" essay for you Create order Mathematical and statistical tools that are needed in research have been introduced to analyze the data obtained by using research methodology (hypothetical) to arrive on conclusions about certain aspects of the issues related to malaria to accept, discard or modify the hypothesis on a scientific query. Introduction The human being started putting efforts to explore the world around him right from very beginning. The history is full of examples that show that early human being somehow recorded their opinion about different thing. With passage of time, human beings learnt to evaluate the correctness of their thoughts and opinion on any scientific issue, by setting some experiments, drawing conclusion (hypothesis) based on results, verification of hypothesis by other experiments and reporting it. Research methodology is latest approach involving these procedures to address a scientific problem. Steps involved in Biological Research Procedure Identification of a problem Sufferings of mankind that includes diseases, scarcity of food shelter, utilities etc or related matters are the existing problems from biological origin. To initiate research in an area a problem in a particular area is identified. There can be a wide range of problems e.g. an approach to find a cure for newly emerging disease, find a more effective drug for a curable disease, increase the shelf life of a product etc. Generation of hypothesis Available understanding on an issue that is published in scientific journals is used to draw logical opinion, hypothesis, underlying the biological processes and indicate possibilities that can lead to the management of the problem. There are often more than one hypothesis available for a given scientific query. Usually one hypothesis is being testified by given experiments. (a)Shelf life of chadder cheese increases with increase in number of yeast cells present into it. (b) Quality of spinach deteriorates with increase in rate of transpiration. (c) The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. Laboratory safety Procedures Every type of biological experimentation should comply with necessary safety procedures that ensures the safety of professionals involved in conducting the experiments and other people. That includes use of special clothing e.g. coats, gloves head cover spectacles etc. All the biological material is carried or grown in specially designed containers that ensure no risk for leakage that can be hazards for other people who can come in contact. All the biological material is heated at 121oC under pressure at 15 psi to kill all type of cells before discarding it whereas chemical agents are discarded as mentioned in safety manuals. Experiment Design Experimentation is a practical approach for investigation a scientific query leading to generation of observations called data. A same question can be investigated by using different experimental approaches. The selection of an experimental design mainly depends upon time required, extent of precision, availability of resources etc. Each experiment design has got some limitations and it is important to ensure that the selected experiment design can optimize for investigating the required scientific query. Each experiment is design by usually changing a variable. In order to test a given hypothesis, experiments are set, usually in triplicate and experiments are repeated at least three times to ensure reproducibility of the data. To avoid adding error in the data it is important to set negative and positive control for a given experiment. Positive control has an ingredient instead of ingredient to be test that should positive result when is added in the reagents and processed as per standard method of experiment in given conditions. On other hand Negative control is set same as positive control but has water or other solvent added instead of reagent to be tested. It is very important that selection of sample that is used in the experiment should be random. It is important to ensure that all the experiments should be done at the same conditions. All those factors that can contribute to add errors should be taken care of. Data Collection and analysis Observations can be collected after completion of experiments or while they are in progress depending on nature of experiments. The data is not always a integral values but can be visual observations that can be recorded by photography. The data is usually recorded with appropriate units in tabular form. This is known as raw data. Every data has some error added into it. Mathematic and statistics an integral part of Biological Analysis The observations that are collected as numerical value after experiments comprise raw data. Mathematical or statistical methods are used to minimize the effect of errors present into it the raw data. The most widely and commonly statistical method that is used to decrease error in data is finding an average in any given readings. Beside that mathematical or statistical tools are used to deduce a logical ground based on numerical value to support, modify or discard any scientific opinion (hypothesis) that is built up on earlier reported scientific findings Use of ratio proportion and percentage Data is analyzed by using mathematical or statistical tools, most commonly that are used include ratio and percentage, for finding an effect of changing a variable on other parameters in a given set of condition. If a numerical variable a represents intensity of a biological event that needs to be compared with intensity of another similar event represented by numerical variable b then ratios are taken out Ratio between intensity of two biological events = a (equation 1) b In order to represent this comparison on scale of 100, percentage of ratio between variables are taken out The general formula for percentage is given as below %= Ratio between two numerical variable x100(equation 2) Substitute equation 1 in general formula of percentage as shown by equation 2 Percent % (ratio between intensity of two biological events) ={ a }x 100 (eq 3) b Usually biological data can comprise of in a range of very small value to very large and hence it is important to convert it on Log10. The general formula for expressing any numerical variable is shown by equation 4 as follow Number(N) on Log 10 scale= Log10(N) (equation 4) Substitute equation 3 into equation 4 Log 10(ratio between intensity of two biological events) =Log10 { a x 100}(eq 5) b Technical limitation associated with use of Log10 scale While expressing any data on Log10 the difficulty arises when it is needed to express integral 0 on Log10 scale (Log10(0)=infinity). In order to cope with this difficulty 1 or any fraction of number that falls within permissible limit of error (5%) is added in all the data in its untreated form. Since the value added is added in every observation and magnitude of value is very little, so it s effect is nullified when data is converted on Log10 scale. In later stages the data can easily be plotted on any type of graphs as discussed in later part of this chapter. Significance of error in decision making and predictions on biological data Every data collected has certain extent of error present into it depending upon experimentation design, procedures and method of taking observations. This error needs to be evaluated before using the data for testing any hypothesis, decision making or predictions. It is defined as tentative variation on negative and positive scale in a set of observations from actual value. The actual numerical value of a biological effect is (B). An experiment was done to note this biological effect. The experiment was repeated N times e.g. (N1 N2 N3 Nt) to showing observations B as (B1 B2 B3.Bt) respectively. The first stage in calculation the error is to find an average The general formula for Average is Average = sum of numerical values of individual observation eq 6 Number of times the observation was taken Substitute the values in equation 6 Average ={B1+ B2+.Bt} eq 7 {Nt} Sum of values of observations ={B1+ B2+.Bt}is shown by S{B} No of times the experiment was repeated {Nt} ={N} Substitute the value in equations in equation 7 Average= S{B} equation 8 {N} Lets value of Average be represented by X Substitute in equation 7 Average = X Second stage is to find the difference between each numerical value of observation and Average = B1-X, B2-XBt-X, Third stage is to square each of the difference =B1-X)2,(B2-X)2, (B3-X)2(Bt-X)2 Fourth stage is to add the square of differences =(B1-X)2+(B2-X)2+(Bt-X)2 Fifth stage is to divide square sum of difference of average of individual numerical variable with number of observations e.g N =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,..(Bt-X)2 N Standard deviation or Error is obtained by taking square root of the quotient obtained by dividing the square sum of difference between the average and the individual numerical variable with number of observations. =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,..(Bt-X)2 N It is an integral value that is expressed, as on negative as well as positive scale e.g if error calculated is 3 then it would be +3 as well as 3. It represents a range within which actual value may lie. In olden days, such calculations were done with the help of calculator but now same work can be done more easily by using different software e.g. excel with computer as a tool. It is often very different to understand the effect underlying in any biological data by merely looking at numerical values. The different types of graphs are used for visual presentation of effect by trends available in data The most commonly types of graphs that are used for the presentation of data are given in figure 2.The same data for different sample e.g. A, B, C is presented on percentage scale by using horizontal and vertical bars whereas error is shown by error bars .Another set of data for sample D, E, F was presented by line graph. Data analysis to decide the status of hypothesis After the mathematical and statistical treatment of raw data a logical ground built up by comparing certain numerical values or more often represented on graphs to accept, modify or reject any hypothesis. In order to test the hypothesis The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic, 100 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculated in same volume in mediums with concentration as X, 3X and 70X respectively to make final concentration of each medium as 100 cells/ml.(Sample D contains 3X concentration medium, Sample E contains X concentration and Sample F contains 70X concentration). The medium were kept at 600C for 1x104hours and cells were assayed for viability after 10 hrs, 100, hours, 1000hrs and 10000 hrs respectively. The viability being dependent value was plotted on a graph Y axis against the time in hours after expressing the value on Log 10 scale. Different data points taken on the graph are sufficiently scattered and can not be joined by a straight line accommodating all the point on it. The trend line can be drawn manually by accommodating maximum number of points and leaving as many point above the line as many are there below that line. Such a manually drawn line can not be used for any type of scientific predictions. Otherwise highly precise trend line for a given data can be drawn as explained in section given in the end of the chapter that can be used for making decisions on a given hypothesis and for making predictions. The error bars extending on positive as well as negative scale in same magnitude of Y scale is plotted against each observation. The observation that were taken in this experiment are shown as graphs in Figure 2 e.g. Sample D, E and F were presented by using line graphs on Log 10 scale. The trend lines are introduced to show the type of dependency of one parameter on another. As already discussed earlier the biological data is often presented on Log 10 scale to observe the effects in broader prospective and ignore the slight changes especially when study is made on larger populations of samples e.g. cells with a wide range of variations. The data show that sample D and E has got similar trend (with an increase in variable on X axis, there is a decrease on Y axis variable, Y axis is dependent on x axis and is inversely proportional to it) whereas in sample F, Y variable is independent of X variable as no change in Y variable is observed with an increase in X variable and this is evident by a straight trend line. The conclusion drawn as evident by three graphs that number of viable yeast cells were found to decrease with passage of time when concentration of organic content in medium was X in sample E or 3X in sample D that is represented by a slopes in respective graphs. But this effect was found to be lost when organic concentration was raised to 70X in sample F and that is. This experiment supports the hypothesis The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. If reported literature indicate some other type of experiments done to check the same hypothesis then results are compared and reason of the variations if there are any are discussed with scientific reference and is reported in a scientific journal. Research Methodology Theory accepted Modification in hypothesis Publication in scientific Journals Discarding above hypothesis Supporting above hypothesis Results interpretation Different Hypotheses Data analysis Data collection Experimental design for a given hypothesis Literature reported in related area Identification of Biological Problem Interpretation of data The data that is obtained is interpreted to draw scientific conclusions. The reported literature is used to give explanation of the conclusion drawn. In the light of conclusion drawn either the hypothesis is accepted, rejected or is modified. If the hypothesis is proven correct with experiments, then it is known as a theory. Scientific articles based on proven hypothesis e.g. theory, disapproved or modified hypothesis are written by scientist involved in research and are sent for publication in scientific journals. Biological Problem as an example A school teacher planned an excursion for students and took paramedic staff equipped with sample collection facility to country side area to study the prevalence of any non contiguous disease in human beings and animals. Malaria is an example of non contiguous disease that is spread only by infected female mosquito is malaria and is a matter of great concern. As reported in newspapers and other literature there was a population of 100,000 people living with minimal facilities of life that on a huge natural water reservoir for drinking water. Recent heavy rain resulted in collection of water of stagnant water and much of this water in later stage drained in reservoir. The students prepared a report explaining how did they use biological methodology to study this case. a) Identification of problem Prevalence of certain incidences of disease symptoms similar to malaria in a given locality was identified as a biological problem. Students wrote the following note after referring the literature about malaria to get basic information about disease. Please refer the picture given below and the literature cited in later part of this chapter. From Mala aria ( bad air) to Malaria-over a period of time Malaria has been a matter of concerns since very beginning. Understanding about malaria has changed over a period of time. Initially it was considered to be caused by some supernatural power. Supported with the findings of higher incidences near the marshy area, malaria was thought to be caused by bad air that is found near marshy areas. With the emergence of germ theory malaria by Louis Pasteur (1852-1895) was thought to be caused by any bacteria. It is strongly believed until Charles Louis Alphonse Laveron (1845-1922) during microscopy of Blood from infected patients observed causative agent of malaria in 1880 and later on reported it to Academy of Medicine in Paris. Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1940) who was associated with George Washington University on basis of supporting reports presented the idea that mosquitoes are the mean of transmission of malaria (vector) and discarded the opinion that bad air in marshy area has any role in causing malaria. On basis of his data he suggested that proper netting can help to control the incidences of malaria in Washington. Ronald Ross (1857-1932) was a physician, who studied the life cycle of malarial parasite in mosquites e.g (different stages of parasite infection with a change in morphology) and its transfer to human beings and birds. In 1898 Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925) on basis of understanding about malaria obtained by published literature set an experiment to infect a person who never had malaria (with his permission) in an area of Rome where there was not any case of malaria reported and mosquitoes were not found by exposing the person with Anopheles clavigar for ten night and later on patient developed the symptoms. On basis of his experiment he proved that malaria is spread by mosquitoes in human beings that carries the causative agent Plasmodium. The complete cycle of P. falciparum was observed by Grassi Bignami and Bastianelli in 1899 and the work has been published by Grassi in 1900. The life cycle of Plasmodium has three reproduction stages with different morphologies (shapes). The mosquitoes inject sporozoites in human being s skin that through blood goes to liver where they multiply and change into Merozoites.The second cycle of multiplication does into RBC. Some of the meroziotes after passing through reproductive cycle in RBC converts into gametocytes (male and female gemates) and enters in gut of mosquitoes when they suck blood from an infected human being where they undergo sexual reproduction to zygote which later on converts Oocyst. Oocyste after under going asexual reproduction burst to release newly formed sporozoites that enters in salivary gland of mosquitoes At the site students made a survey of that area and noted the initial observation with the help of photography. They found that not only human being but also the birds are affected by the disease Initial Findings They found that the reservoir (a) was associated with dark places where high populations of mosquitoes can be seen (b).Beside that a few sick birds were also found resting on ground. Diseased patients report to an increase in high fever with shivering that stays for some times and then fever become low or even normal with sweating or even without it. These symptoms are repeated with intervals and patient feels weakness. Initial findings support that the disease is malaria. b) On the basis of their initial findings the following hypothesis was built up. The disease may be Malaria and is caused by Plasmodium Experimentation Plasmodium infect the red blood cells. In order to established that diseased people are suffering from malaria at least 63 patients having disease were bled to collect blood samples. This type of sample that is under study is called as test sample. Blood were taken from at least 50 healthy who do not have any symptoms of disease. Since these people do not have any symptoms of disease it is very likely that Plasmodium may never be detected in their blood. Such a sample that is known to give a negative test is a called a negative control The blood and water samples were collected in collection tubes specially designed for this purpose. The fixed slides of infected Red Blood Cell (RBC) were purchased from the market and was taken as positive control. (a)The sample was not only collected from human beings but also from the diseased animals as well. That the blood of each sample was spread on a glass slide, fixed and stained with Giemsia and was observed under microscope. (b)Beside that the blood samples from infected people were inoculated (added) in RPMI-1640 medium (name of medium used for the growth of Plasmodium that also contain RBC) present in bottle and were incubated to grow causative agent of the disease under laboratory conditions. The sample from these bottles were observed under microscope for presence of Plasmodium after 72 hours of incubation. Furthermore, the surface water from stagnant regions of reservoir was collected in a container and was assayed for presence of larvae of mosquitoes with help of magnifying glass. Laboratory Safety Procedure All the containers having biological material was heated at 1210 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes to kill every type of living cells before discarding them. The chemical agents were discarded as described in their respective safety manuals Result Microscopy results show that the Red Blood Cell of diseased people were found to be infected with Plasmodium. The causative agent of the disease was successfully found to grow in the medium that supports the growth of Plasmodium (Figure 3) and that was confirmed by microscopy e.g Plasmodium were found in the sample from medium under microscope and slides observed were found similar as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 Plasmodium Figure 7 The blood sample after mixing with other reagent (as shown with white arrow indicating towards a tube) is then inoculated into the bottle ( as shown in picture) ( source Nature Protocols courtesy to Nature Publishing Group) The surface water samples that was taken from the stagnant water collected near water reservoir were found of have mosquitoes larvae in large number as is shown in Figure 4. Conclusion The results that includes, presence of large number of mosquitoes larvae near the site of outbreak, Plasmodium was found in the infected blood of diseased people, that was successfully grown in the medium and conditions specific confirm that the outbreak is of malaria that was caused by Plasmodium. Skill development to solve a Biological Problem Report A report comprising the incidences of malaria during the years 2002, 2003 and 2004, in three different cities was published in a newspaper. The patient were treated by using drug A and attempt to kill mosquitoes were made by spraying B into environment and adding in water collection. Out of these report related to three cities is given below. In Karachi 530 malarial cases were reported in year of 2002, 534760 in 2003 and 12345668 in 2004 respectively. The mortality reported in these years were 98 in 2002, 120001 in 2003 and 5408889 in 2004.The rain fall recorded in Karachi for year 2002 is 50mm, 2003 is 100 mm and 10,000 mm in 2004.The drug resistance was found in 12 cases in 2002, 60009 cases in 2003 and 9900099 cases in 2004. In 2002, 134 malarial cases were reported in Faisalabad where as in 2003 and 2004 the reported numbers were 1237 and 1379 respectively. The mortality reported in years 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 10, 99, 115 respectively. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 12 mm in 2002, 58 mm in 2003 and 89 mm in 2004.The antimalarial drug resistance was found to be in 2 cases in 2002 , 79 cases in 2003 and 91 cases in 2004. In a similar study that was conducted in Gilgit during these three years, it was found that malaria affected 325 people in 2002, 135 people in 2003 and 350 people in 2004.There were 10 people reported to be died of malarial disease in 2002, 8 people in 2003 and 17 people in 2004. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 130, 120, 105 mm in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The resistance against anti malarial drug found in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 9, 4, 9 respectively. Source ( It is an imaginary situation given with data to help student develop research skills) Research Methodology Step 1 Identification of problem from published literature After reading the above mentioned findings, management of heavy occurrence of malarial disease has been identified as a problem. Step 2 literature search for generating the hypothesis taking malaria as a test case Malaria is a very common infectious disease that is commonly associated with poverty. It is caused by protozoan parasites Plasmodium species that is transferred to human being blood circulation system by the vector Anopheles mosquitos bite(1). Literature show that malarial outbreaks can be related with rainfall in that area (2). Malaria is more common in urban area than in cities. However in Africa it is present in both rural and urban areas (3,4)No literature is available about the relation of malarial incidence with location of the place with height above sea level. The occurrence of malarial outbreak can be related with presence of stagnant water that can support the mosquito survival in populations. Heavy use of anti-malarial drugs and mosquito cidal sprays is reported to produce resistance in the protozoa against commonly used drugs (5). 1) Cox F (2002). History of Human parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 (4): 595-612. 2) Grover-Kopec E, Kawano M, Klaver R, Blumenthal B, Ceccato P, Connor S. 2005 An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa. Malar J 4(1): 6. 3) Van Benthem B, Vanwambeke S, Khantikul N, Burghoorn-Maas C, Panart K, Oskam L, Lambin E, Somboon P 2005.Spatial patterns of and risk factors for seropositivity for dengue infection Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 (2): 201-8. 4) Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl): 118-27. 5)Rieckmann, K.H.2006 The chequered history of malaria control: are new and better tools the ultimate answer? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100(8) 647-662 6) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria (The Scientific literature is presented with citation of references as is shown in above paragraph) Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis with help of published literature After reading the reported literature as mentioned above following hypothesis can be deduced. Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Step 4 Experimental design The data for the parameters analyzed was collected by using standard methods e.g. microscopy of infected blood samples at different hospitals and was published in a newspaper as a scientific report. Step 5 Presentation of Raw data The above mentioned data is presented below in tabular form. Karachi Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to anti-malarial drug A 2002 530 98 50 12 2003 534760 120001 100 60009 2004 12345668 5408889 10000 9900099 Average/year 4293652.667 1842996 3383.33 3320040 Faisalabad Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to antimalarial drug A 2002 134 10 12 2 2003 1237 99 58 79 2004 1379 115 89 91 Average/year 916.666 74.6666 53 57.333 Gilgit Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to antimalarial drug A 2002 325 10 130 9 2003 135 8 120 4 2004 350 17 11000 9 Average/year 270 11.6666 3750 7.333 Data Analysis (a) Data was analyzed by using different mathematical tools. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.264 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 Average/year 5.1812 28.247 1.4188 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2003 2.130 5.92 0.77 2004 2.54 4.8 0.68 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.64 Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of incidences of malarial disease with amount of rainfall. The frequency of incidence of malarial cases seems to be dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places but this dependency is diminished at places at higher altitude from sea level. Theory The data supports the hypothesis that incidences of malarial cases are dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places and it is accepted as theory. Publication A scientific paper is written on present understanding accommodating the latest finding obtained and sent to scientific Journals. Hypothesis Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Data analysis Theory incidences of malarial cases is dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places. Result s interpretation How to draw a best fitted line for a given data A data for a biological experiment, having n different independent variables such x1 x2 x3..xn and its dependent variables y 1 y2 y3..yn is needed to be plotted with best fit line or regression line. Trendline, best fitted line, slope Regression line least square line are the different terms used for the same thing. The general formula is y=mx+bequation 1Y axis where m=slope, b=y-intercept Intercept is a point where a line passes an X axis. Y-intercept represents the value of Yb=y-intercept at which a line crosses it ( x=0). Slope= m=n(Sxy)-( Sx)( Sy) - equation 2n(Sx2)- (Sx)2Y-Intercept =b=Sy- m(Sx)equation 3n Where Sxy=x1y1+x2y2+x3y3xnyn Sx= x1+x2+x3xn Sy= y1+y2+y3..yn r = +1 Sx2= x12+x22+x32..xn2 The values for Slope=m and y-Intercept=b are calculated after putting the values for individual variables in equation 2 and 3 respectively The calculated values for Slope=m and Intercept=b are substituted in equation 1. A best fitted line graph is drawn by plotting the values calculated for y by using equation 1 for a given value of x after substituting the calculated value of slope=m and y-intercept. The Co-efficient of correlation is a quantitative measure to represent how well the data points got accommodated on the trend line.The value of r ranges from 1 to +1. It is-1 for a negative slope line and +1 for a r = -1 positive slope line. The value of r when is closer to zero represents poorer fitted data whereas better fitted data is shown by a value closer to either 1 or +1. Co-efficient of co-relation = n(Sxy)-( Sx)( Sy) [n(Sx2) -(Sx)2 ]0.5 [n(Sy2) -(Sy)2 ]0.5 Exercise Answer following question How is superstition different than hypothesis? Each time the observation is recorded is usually slightly different than earlier observation recorded in the same conditions. In such a situation how does it expected that error is decreased with increase in number of recording the observation? Can any one get an error free observation? Justify your answer with scientific reasons. A student was given a task to measure the length of two piece of clothes (A) was of length 150.75 cm whereas B was with 3.25cm with either of two tapes one having 1 cm as a least count with a capacity to measure a length of 50 cm whereas other with a least count of 0.2 cm for a measurement of length of 10.50. Which of these two measuring tape is more suitable for measurement of piece A and which one more is suitable for measurement of B with least error in both the cases. Please explain your answer with scientific reasons. Why does most of biological data is plotted on the graph on log10 scale? Please encircle the most appropriate answer. 1) The scientific experiments are done. times to ensure that data and findings of the experiment are reproducible. a) one time b) more than one (c) none of them 2) If the results of experiment in the three set of experiments e.g. test, positive control and negative control are same then it means a) There has been some technical problem due to which experiment has not worked b) Experiment worked very well c) None of them 3) A positive control experiment is set to gives a result same as- in a given set of conditions a) positive b) as negative result c) test 4) A Negative control experiment is set to gives a result same as- in a given set of conditions a) positive b) as negative result c) test 5) The results of an experiment that was done at one set obtained at one set of conditions are expected to be- when the same experiment is done at different set of conditions. a) same b) different c) identical Please match the complementary words given in two column Source of error in data collection (a) Random sampling (b)Several Replicate of experiments are done at a given conditions Method to minimize the error (d) Eating of Fish with milk causes vitiligo e)Light is source of energy Superstition (f)Handing of sample (g)Variation in conditions of experiments (h)Recording of data Theory (i) Biasness in sampling (j)Air contains oxygen Theory discarded(k) Sun rotates round the earth (l)Light comes out of eyes Thinking Exercise for implication of scientific methodology a) Please imply the scientific methodology to establish the status( accepted, rejected, modified) on at least two hypothesis related to above given problem deduced after referring the scientific literature cited. Student and teachers are encouraged to use excel. Solution Part 1. Since the problem is same so step 1 and step 2 are identical as done earlier to generate a hypothesis listed below Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis in light of literature Another hypothesis that was built up on basis of scientific literature given is listed below Incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level b) Data analysis to find out the effect of altitude above sea level on incidences of malarial cases. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortalit-y) Log10 (Rain fall)( mm) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.264 1.698 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 4 Average/year 5.1812 28.216 1.4188 2.566 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log10 (Malarial incidence reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall) (mm) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 1.079 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 1.7634 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 1.949 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 1.5973 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)(mm) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2.11 2003 2.130 5.92 0.772321 2.07 2004 2.54 4.8 0.6812 4.0413 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.6471 2.74043 The average malarial incidences reported during three years were plotted against the altitude of different cities on log scale. Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of incidences of malarial disease on altitude of places The incidences of malarial cases seems to be independent on altitude of places as there is considerable decrease in incidences observed in Faisalabad which is just 292m above sea level in comparison to Karachi whereas there is not much difference in number of incidences of malaria reported in Faisalabad and Gilgit whereas Gilgit is 1200m higher above the sea level as compare to Faisalabad. Hypothesis On the basis of above mentioned reason the hypothesis that incidences of malarial cases decreases with increases in altitude has been discarded. Theory On the basis of studies it is established that the incidences of malarial cases does not decrease with increase in altitude. Publication The scientific finding that the incidences of malarial cases does not decrease with increase in altitude. Incidence of malaria cases does not decrease with increase in altitude is accepted Part 2. Since it is the continuation of earlier problem so step 1 and step 2 will remain the same. Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis in light of literature Another hypothesis deduced on basis of finding reported is Resistance to malarial drug decreases with increase in height above sea level e.g. related occurrence with malarial incidences c) Data analysis to find out the effect of altitude above sea level on incidences of resistance against malarial drug A cases. Karachi 8 m above sea level Year Log10(Malarial incidence) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)(mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log 10(% Resistance against anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.72427 18.4 1.266 1.698 2.26 0.3541 2003 5.7281 22.44 1.351 2 11.22 1.0499 2004 7.09151 43.81 1.6415 4 80.19 1.904 Average/year 5.1812 28.216 1.4198 3.529345 77.32437 1.888316 Faisalabad 300m above sea level Year Log 10 (Malarial cases %Mortality Log 10 (%Mortality) Log10 (Rain fall)( mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log10(% Resistant cases against anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.12 7.46 0.8723 1.079 1.49 0.173 2003 3.092 8.0 0.903 1.7634 6.38 0.8048 2004 3.139 8.33 0.9206 1.949 6.59 0.8188 Average /year 2.7836 7.93 0.8986 1.5971 4.82 0.599 Gilgit 1500m above sea level Year Log 10 (Malarial cases reported) %Mortality Log10(%Mortality) Log 10 (Rain fall)(mm) % Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A Log10(% Resistant cases to anti malarial drug A) 2002 2.51 3.076 0.487986 2.11 2.76 0.4423 2003 2.130 5.92 0.772321 2.07 2.9 0.472 2004 2.54 4.8 0.6812 4.0413 2.57 0.410 Average/year 2.3933 4.59866 0.6471 2.74 2.76 0.44142 The average resistance against malarial drug A incidences reported during three years were plotted against the altitude of different cities on log 10 scale. Interpretation of data The results were analyzed to estimate the dependency of resistance against malarial drug A on altitude of places The data show that prevalence of resistance against malarial drug A is found to be independent of altitude of places Hypothesis On the basis of above mentioned reason the hypothesis that prevalence of resistance against malarial drug A is found to be independent of altitude of places has been discarded Publication A scientific paper is written on present understanding accommodating the latest finding obtained and sent to scientific Journals. Resistance to malarial drug decreases with increase in height above sea level Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level Literature Experiment design Theory incidence of malaria decreases with increase in height above sea level is accepted Hypothesis e.g incidence of malaria is decreases with increase in height above sea level is accepted Data collection Modified Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial cases seems independent of amount of rainfall at higher attitude places. Data analysis Results interpretation Hypothesis discarded e.g. resistance against malarial disease decreases with increase in altitude of place Modified Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial cases seems independent of amount of rainfall at higher attitude places but is dependent at sea level. Hypothesis e.g. incidences of malarial disease decreases with altitude of place is modified Theory incidences of malarial cases is dependent on amount of rainfall at sea-level places.